Prince Charles Edward Stuart (1720-88), the Young Pretender, embodied the hopes of the Stuart cause in exile. His portrait was reproduced in numerous forms that could be disseminated widely, both as propaganda and as gifts for supporters. Born and brought up in Rome, the Prince made several efforts to regain the British throne for his father James Francis Edward Stuart (the Old Pretender), the son of the exiled King James VII & II. In 1745 Prince Charles Edward Stuart landed on the west coast of Scotland and marched to Edinburgh. The Prince was finally defeated at the battle of Culloden 1746 and lived in exile in France and Italy for the rest of his life.